相比无人驾驶乘用车，特殊区域内，比如港口、矿区、高速公路等环境下，无人驾驶卡车可能会更早完成商业应用，进入主流市场原因很简单，这些特定区域内，卡车需要面对的驾驶环境和法规相对简单，对无人驾驶技术的要求相对更低
Compared with driverless passenger cars, driverless trucks may complete commercial applications earlier in special areas, such as ports, mining areas, highways and other environments. The reason for entering the mainstream market is simple. In these specific areas, trucks need to face relatively simple driving environment and regulations, and the requirements for driverless technology are relatively lower
更重要的一点是，这些特定区域内卡车司机的用工成本极高，这给了科技公司准备用技术代替他们的动力1月23日，在广东珠海国际货柜码头，上海人工智能科创企业西井科技有限公司发布了全球第一辆港区作业无人集装箱卡车
More importantly, the extremely high labor costs of truck drivers in these specific regions have given technology companies the impetus to prepare to replace them with technology. On January 23, at Zhuhai international container terminal in Guangdong Province, Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Science and technology innovation enterprise Xijing Technology Co., Ltd. released the world's first unmanned container truck for port operation
这辆配备了2个激光雷达、1个毫米波雷达，1个摄像头，集成自动驾驶算法的卡车，采用多传感器融合技术，可以辨识环境障碍物和码头标记标线同时通过人工智能芯片和智能决策算法，这辆无人集卡可以自主做出减速、刹车或绕行等突发状况的各种决策，提供最优运行路线，从而实现满足港口封闭区域内水平运输的需求
This truck is equipped with two laser radars, one millimeter wave radar, one camera and integrated automatic driving algorithm. Using multi-sensor fusion technology, it can identify environmental obstacles and dock markings. At the same time, through artificial intelligence chips and intelligent decision-making algorithms, this unmanned truck can make various decisions on sudden situations such as deceleration, braking or detour, and provide the optimal operation route, So as to meet the needs of horizontal transportation in the closed area of the port
据西井科技介绍，这辆港区无人集卡已经能够识别周围的集装箱物体、机械设备、灯塔等，精准驶入龙门吊作业指定位置“这辆无人集卡是在珠海港的第一辆，我们未来的计划是能帮助珠海港形成无人集卡编队，形成车队后，可以提高整个码头的作业能力和效率
According to Xijing technology, this Unmanned Container truck in the port area has been able to identify the surrounding container objects, mechanical equipment, lighthouses, etc., and accurately drive into the designated location for gantry crane operation. "This Unmanned Container truck is the first one in Zhuhai port. Our future plan is to help Zhuhai port form an Unmanned Container Truck formation, which can improve the operation capacity and efficiency of the whole terminal after the formation of the fleet
”西井科技CEO谭黎敏告诉澎湃新闻西井科技成立于2015年5月，是一家从事底层人工智能研究的科技公司，除了这次发布的无人集卡外，公司此前还携手振华重工发布了全球首台自主驾驶无人驾驶跨运车用工成本极高的卡车司机会被替代吗在港口繁忙的日常作业过程中，通常需要依靠卡车司机，“三班倒”地驾驶集装箱拖车穿梭在堆场、龙门吊作业区以及船吊区，迅速且高效地将集装箱进行装船和堆砌
”Tan Limin, CEO of Xijing technology, told surging news that Xijing technology, founded in May 2015, is a technology company engaged in low-level artificial intelligence research. In addition to the unmanned truck truck released this time, the company also worked with Zhenhua heavy industry to release the world's first self driving driverless straddle truck. Will the truck drivers with extremely high labor costs be replaced? In the busy daily operation process of the port, they usually need to rely on truck drivers, "Three shifts" drive the container trailer to shuttle around the storage yard, gantry crane operation area and ship crane area, and load and stack the containers quickly and efficiently
以一个集装箱吞吐量200万标准集装箱的中等码头为例，正常运营需要约200辆场内运输集卡以该码头每车配4名司机“三班倒”计算，每名司机的年薪约在6到12万元人民币另外需要注意的是，在码头驾驶集卡拖车需要A2驾照
Taking a medium-sized wharf with a container throughput of 2million standard containers as an example, about 200 on-site transport trucks are required for normal operation. Based on the "three shifts" of four drivers per vehicle at the wharf, the annual salary of each driver is about 60000 to 120000 yuan. In addition, it should be noted that driving a truck trailer at the yard head requires an A2 driver's license
但按照国内的交通法规，A2不能直接申领，一名司机想要从C1增驾到A2，至少需要五六年的时间，如果期间发生扣分或者事故，增驾的时间将更长这样一来，招到一名优秀、有丰富驾驶经验的卡车司机，无论是对于港口方，还是物流管理车队来说，相当不容易
However, according to domestic traffic regulations, A2 cannot apply directly. It takes at least fiveorsix years for a driver to increase driving from C1 to A2. If points are deducted or an accident occurs during this period, the driving time will be longer. In this way, it is not easy to recruit an excellent and experienced truck driver, whether for the port or the logistics management team
“这其实是一个非常简单明了的数学题，对于港口来说，使用无人集卡来代替卡车司机，在成本上至少能省到30%而相比人工，无人集卡还能24小时毫无倦意地进行工作，对于效率的提升非常明显”上海振华重工上海港口机械工程技术研究中心副主任胡中望告诉澎湃新闻
"This is actually a very simple and clear mathematical problem. For the port, using an unmanned truck to replace the truck driver can save at least 30% in cost. Compared with labor, the unmanned truck can work tirelessly for 24 hours, which is very obvious for the improvement of efficiency," Hu Zhongwang, deputy director of Shanghai Port Mechanical Engineering Technology Research Center of Shanghai Zhenhua heavy industry, told surging news
除了用工成本外，无人驾驶卡车在技术上也更有优势“机器已经能快速做出一大堆决策，大幅降低交通事故的死亡人数，提高路网效率，并削减导致地球变暖的碳排放”美国前总统奥巴马曾在接受《连线》杂志采访时如此评价自动驾驶技术
In addition to labor costs, driverless trucks also have more advantages in technology. "Machines have been able to make a lot of decisions quickly, significantly reduce the number of deaths in traffic accidents, improve the efficiency of road networks, and reduce carbon emissions that lead to global warming." former U.S. President Barack Obama once commented on autonomous driving technology in an interview with wired magazine
高盛在2017年的一份报告中预测，在未来的25年里，自动驾驶卡车每年将扼杀大约30万个就业机会如果自动驾驶卡车运输能够得到政府批准和实现技术创新，并且被卡车运输公司广泛采用，那么这个趋势的发展速度会比预期的更快
In a 2017 report, Goldman Sachs predicted that in the next 25 years, self driving trucks will kill about 300000 jobs every year. If self driving truck transportation can be approved by the government and achieve technological innovation, and is widely adopted by truck transportation companies, this trend will develop faster than expected
封闭环境下的无人驾驶技术2017年，《麻省理工科技评论》杂志依照惯例发布了全球十大突破性技术榜单，自动驾驶货车出现在其中这份杂志认为自动驾驶货车的技术成熟期仅需5到10年业界普遍认为，自动驾驶卡车的应用落地会早于无人乘用车，原因很简单，卡车大多都行驶在高速公路等限制环境下，与自动驾驶汽车相比，其所面临的路况相对简单
Driverless technology in a closed environment in 2017, MIT technology review published a list of the world's top ten breakthrough technologies in accordance with the Convention. The magazine believes that the technology maturity of driverless trucks only takes 5 to 10 years. The industry generally believes that the application of driverless trucks will land earlier than driverless passenger cars. The reason is very simple. Most trucks are driven in restricted environments such as highways, Compared with autonomous vehicle, the road conditions it faces are relatively simple
就以这次港口无人集卡为例，据了解，按照国内港口货车驾驶规则，货车在港区内的行驶速度在10-30公里/小时之间在这种速度下，无人驾驶的精准度和安全性得到了保重其次，港口的交通情况更加简单，无人集卡需要识别的图标和障碍物更少，更容易处理拥挤和撞车风险
Taking this port unattended truck as an example, it is understood that according to the domestic port truck driving rules, the driving speed of trucks in the port area is between 10-30 km / h. at this speed, the accuracy and safety of unmanned driving have been taken care of. Secondly, the traffic situation in the port is simpler, and the unmanned truck needs to identify fewer icons and obstacles, which makes it easier to deal with congestion and collision risks
另一个原因是，无人货运卡车可以组成车队，进一步提高自动驾驶卡车的使用效率，能够帮助物流企业减少燃料排放、节省资金在美国，卡车运输行业是美国经济的重要组成部分，因此情况更加紧迫CBInsight2017年的数据显示，美国企业将在商用卡车自动驾驶系统上投入约10亿美元的资金，是3年前支出水平的10倍
Another reason is that unmanned freight trucks can form a fleet, further improve the efficiency of self driving trucks, and help logistics enterprises reduce fuel emissions and save money. In the United States, the truck transportation industry is an important part of the U.S. economy, so the situation is more urgent. Cbinsight 2017 data show that American Enterprises will invest about $1billion in the commercial truck auto drive system, 10 times the expenditure level three years ago
特斯拉CEO马斯克于去年11月份发布了首款自动无人驾驶汽车SEMI优步的布局则更早，2016年就买下了以色列自动驾驶货车初创公司Otto，并完成了首个商业订单传统车企沃尔沃、戴姆勒等也发布了自己的无人驾驶货车，尤其是沃尔沃还推出了矿区、垃圾车无人车等
Tesla CEO musk released the first self driving car semi Uber in November last year, but the layout was earlier. In 2016, he bought Otto, an Israeli self driving truck start-up company, and completed the first commercial order. Traditional car companies Volvo and Daimler also released their own self driving trucks, especially Volvo also launched mining areas, garbage trucks, and unmanned cars